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                <div class="project">
                    <h1>7 Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</h1>

                    <p><strong>Version:</strong> 3.2.11</p>
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                    <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
                    
                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#quickStartGuide"><strong>7.1</strong><span>Quick Start Guide</span></a>
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                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="#basicCRUD"><strong>7.1.1</strong><span>Basic CRUD</span></a>
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                    <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="#furtherReading"><strong>7.2</strong><span>Further Reading on GORM</span></a>
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<a name="5. Object Relational Mapping (GORM)"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h1 id="GORM">7 Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</h1>

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<div class="paragraph">
<p>Domain classes are core to any business application. They hold state about business processes and hopefully also implement behavior. They are linked together through relationships; one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>GORM is Grails' object relational mapping (ORM) implementation. Under the hood it uses Hibernate (a very popular and flexible open source ORM solution) and thanks to the dynamic nature of Groovy with its static and dynamic typing, along with the convention of Grails, there is far less configuration involved in creating Grails domain classes.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can also write Grails domain classes in Java. See the section on Hibernate Integration for how to write domain classes in Java but still use dynamic persistent methods. Below is a preview of GORM in action:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> book = <span class="predefined-type">Book</span>.findByTitle(<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span><span class="content">Groovy in Action</span><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span></span>)

book
  .addToAuthors(<span class="key">name</span>:<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span><span class="content">Dierk Koenig</span><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span></span>)
  .addToAuthors(<span class="key">name</span>:<span class="string"><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span><span class="content">Guillaume LaForge</span><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span></span>)
  .save()</code></pre>
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<a name="5.1 Quick Start Guide"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="quickStartGuide">7.1 Quick Start Guide</h2>

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<div class="paragraph">
<p>A domain class can be created with the <a href="#ref-command-line-create-domain-class">create-domain-class</a> command:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">grails create-domain-<span class="type">class</span> <span class="class">helloworld</span>.Person</code></pre>
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<div class="admonitionblock note">
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If no package is specified with the create-domain-class script, Grails automatically uses the application name as the package name.
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</tr>
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</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This will create a class at the location <code>grails-app/domain/helloworld/Person.groovy</code> such as the one below:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">package</span> helloworld

<span class="type">class</span> <span class="class">Person</span> {
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
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<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
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If you have the <code>dbCreate</code> property set to "update", "create" or "create-drop" on your <a href="conf.html#dataSource">DataSource</a>, Grails will automatically generate/modify the database tables for you.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can customize the class by adding properties:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="type">class</span> <span class="class">Person</span> {
    <span class="predefined-type">String</span> name
    <span class="predefined-type">Integer</span> age
    <span class="predefined-type">Date</span> lastVisit
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Once you have a domain class try and manipulate it with the <a href="#ref-command-line-shell">shell</a> or <a href="#ref-command-line-console">console</a> by typing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy">grails console</code></pre>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>This loads an interactive GUI where you can run Groovy commands with access to the Spring ApplicationContext, GORM, etc.</p>
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<a name="5.1.1 Basic CRUD"><!-- Legacy link --></a>
<h2 id="basicCRUD">7.1.1 Basic CRUD</h2>

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<div class="paragraph">
<p>Try performing some basic CRUD (Create/Read/Update/Delete) operations.</p>
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<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_create">Create</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To create a domain class use Map constructor to set its properties and call <a href="#ref-domain-classes-save">save</a>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> p = <span class="keyword">new</span> Person(<span class="key">name</span>: <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span><span class="content">Fred</span><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span></span>, <span class="key">age</span>: <span class="integer">40</span>, <span class="key">lastVisit</span>: <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="predefined-type">Date</span>())
p.save()</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <a href="#ref-domain-classes-save">save</a> method will persist your class to the database using the underlying Hibernate ORM layer.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_read">Read</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Grails transparently adds an implicit <code>id</code> property to your domain class which you can use for retrieval:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> p = Person.get(<span class="integer">1</span>)
<span class="keyword">assert</span> <span class="integer">1</span> == p.id</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This uses the <a href="#ref-domain-classes-get">get</a> method that expects a database identifier to read the <code>Person</code> object back from the database.
You can also load an object in a read-only state by using the <a href="#ref-domain-classes-read">read</a> method:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> p = Person.read(<span class="integer">1</span>)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In this case the underlying Hibernate engine will not do any dirty checking and the object will not be persisted. Note that
if you explicitly call the <a href="#ref-domain-classes-save">save</a> method then the object is placed back into a read-write state.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In addition, you can also load a proxy for an instance by using the <a href="#ref-domain-classes-load">load</a> method:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> p = Person.load(<span class="integer">1</span>)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This incurs no database access until a method other than getId() is called. Hibernate then initializes the proxied instance, or
throws an exception if no record is found for the specified id.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_update">Update</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To update an instance, change some properties and then call <a href="#ref-domain-classes-save">save</a> again:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> p = Person.get(<span class="integer">1</span>)
p.name = <span class="string"><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span><span class="content">Bob</span><span class="delimiter">&quot;</span></span>
p.save()</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_delete">Delete</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To delete an instance use the <a href="#ref-domain-classes-delete">delete</a> method:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="groovy"><span class="keyword">def</span> p = Person.get(<span class="integer">1</span>)
p.delete()</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>


<h2 id="furtherReading">7.2 Further Reading on GORM</h2>

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<div class="paragraph">
<p>For more information on using GORM see the <a href="http://gorm.grails.org/6.0.x/hibernate">dedicated documentation</a> for the GORM project.</p>
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